Hesi A2_BIOLOGY practice questions with answers

Hesi A2_BIOLOGY

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1. The cellular membrane consists of a bilayer of which substances?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Phospholipids
C. Nucleic acids
D. Proteins

Explanation

The cell membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails, allowing the membrane to form a selective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. This arrangement is essential for maintaining cell structure and function.

2. Which cell organelle can be functionally compared to the door of a house?

A. Cytoplasm
B. Cell membrane
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Nucleus

Explanation

The cell membrane functions like a door because it regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing essential nutrients to enter, waste products to exit, and maintaining internal balance. Its semi-permeable nature ensures the cell only allows necessary substances through, similar to how a door controls access to a house.

3. What type of bond in the base of the DNA nucleotides holds the strands together?

A. Hydrogen
B. Sodium chloride
C. Copper
D. Potassium bromide

Explanation

DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases (adenine–thymine and cytosine–guanine). These bonds provide enough stability to maintain the DNA double-helix structure while still allowing the strands to separate during important processes such as replication and transcription. Hydrogen bonding is critical for DNA function and genetic fidelity.

4. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A. Produce enzymes
B. Obtain energy in the form of ATP
C. Enable fermentation
D. Produce oxygen molecules

Explanation

The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to extract energy from glucose and convert it into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the usable energy currency for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for powering cellular activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis. ATP production enables cells to function, grow, and maintain homeostasis.

5. Animals are composed primarily of what type of cell?

A. Simple
B. Bacterial
C. Prokaryotic
D. Eukaryotic

Explanation

Animals are made up of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. These complex structures allow animals to perform specialized cellular functions, differentiate tissues, and form complex organs and body systems.

6. If the zygomatic arch is broken, where is the fracture located?

A. Knee
B. Shoulder
C. Face
D. Wrist

Explanation

The zygomatic arch is a bony arch in the face formed by the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and a portion of the temporal bone. It provides structure to the cheek and forms part of the eye socket. A fracture here results in facial trauma and can affect appearance, jaw movement, and vision depending on severity.

7. The aerodynamic nature of a bird's wing is an example of what is the central theme in biology?

A. Organisms and their environment
B. Ontogeny
C. Heredity
D. Structure and function

Explanation

The aerodynamic shape of a bird's wing demonstrates the biological principle that structure determines function. The wing's curved surface, lightweight bones, and feather arrangement are specifically designed to create lift and enable flight. This theme emphasizes that anatomical features evolve to support specific biological roles, making the bird’s wing structure essential for its function in flight and survival.

8. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of what necessary molecule?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Lactic acid
C. Oxygen
D. Water

Explanation

Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces large amounts of ATP by fully breaking down glucose. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing efficient generation of energy. Without oxygen, cells must switch to anaerobic pathways, which yield far less ATP.

9. Which term means alternate forms of a gene for the same trait?

A. Genotypes
B. Phenotypes
C. Gametes
D. Alleles

Explanation

Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene that occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes. They encode different versions of a trait—for example, brown vs. blue eye color. An individual inherits one allele from each parent, and the combination determines expression of that trait.

10. A hypertonic solution has what concentration of solutes compared to the cell?

A. Same
B. Lower
C. Higher
D. Negative

Explanation

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment, water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink (crenation in animal cells or plasmolysis in plant cells). This movement occurs because water travels toward the area with more solutes to achieve balance.

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Hesi A2_BIOLOGY

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