SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College practice questions with answers

SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College

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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions

1. If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete------urine.

A. fewer hydrogen ions from blood to
B. more hydrogen ions from blood to
C. more sodium ions into the
D. Both A and C will occur.

Explanation

When blood pH decreases (becomes more acidic), the kidneys respond by secreting more hydrogen ions (H⁺) into the urine. This helps remove excess acid from the bloodstream and return pH toward normal. At the same time, kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate, which acts as a buffer to neutralize acids.

2. Which of the following is not true of enzymes?

A. They accelerate chemical reactions.
B. They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction.
C. They are vital to chemical reactions.
D. Many contain vitamins in their structure.

Explanation

Enzymes do not change chemically or become part of the end products in the reactions they catalyze. They are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. They can be used repeatedly for the same reaction type, making option B the statement that is not true about enzymes.

3. Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause:

A. Increased residual volume
B. Decreased vital capacity
C. Increased functional reserve volume
D. Decreased tidal volume

Explanation

Pleural effusion produces a restrictive ventilatory defect by mechanically limiting lung expansion. Fluid in the pleural space reduces lung compliance and prevents full inflation, so the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (vital capacity) falls. Clinically, patients show dyspnea, shallow breaths, and a restrictive pattern on spirometry (↓VC, often ↓TLC and ↓FRC) until the effusion is removed.

4. The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is:

A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen

Explanation

Proteins contain nitrogen, which is a defining component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Nitrogen forms part of the amino group (-NH₂), making protein molecules chemically distinct from carbohydrates and lipids. This presence of nitrogen allows proteins to play essential roles in enzymatic activity, tissue building, and cellular signaling.

5. The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are):

A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Proteins
D. Phosphate

Explanation

At rest, potassium ions (K⁺) are the primary ions able to diffuse across the neuron's membrane through leak channels. This movement helps maintain the resting membrane potential by allowing more potassium to leave the cell than sodium enters. The selective permeability to potassium is essential for establishing the negative electrical charge inside the neuron at rest.

6. The main factor determining male fertility is the:

A. Size of the sperm
B. Number of sperm ejaculated
C. Shape of the sperm
D. Motility of the sperm

Explanation

The motility of sperm is the most critical factor in male fertility. Even if sperm count and morphology are normal, sperm must be able to move effectively to travel through the female reproductive tract and reach the ovum for fertilization. High motility increases the likelihood of successful conception by ensuring sperm can navigate cervical mucus, the uterus, and fallopian tubes.

7. Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system?

A. It produces gametes.
B. It is called the testis in the male.
C. It is called the gonad in both sexes.
D. All of the above are true.

Explanation

The essential organs of the reproductive system, called gonads, are responsible for producing gametes (sex cells). In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm, and in females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce ova (eggs). Because all statements correctly describe the essential reproductive organs and their functions, option D is correct.

8. When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as

A. Oxidation–reduction enzymes
B. Hydrolyzing enzymes
C. Phosphorylating enzymes
D. Hydrase enzymes

Explanation

Digestive enzymes are classified as hydrolyzing enzymes (hydrolases) because they break down large molecules by adding water to chemical bonds (hydrolysis). This process splits complex nutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller absorbable units. Examples include proteases, lipases, and amylases. Hydrolysis is the primary chemical reaction in digestion.

9. Which lipid is part of vitamin D?

A. Glycerol
B. Steroids
C. Prostaglandins
D. Fatty acids

Explanation

Vitamin D is classified as a steroid-derived lipid. Steroids have a four-ring carbon structure and include cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones, cortisol, and vitamin D. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from cholesterol, making steroids the correct group. This lipid structure is essential for hormone-like function and calcium metabolism regulation in the body.

10. A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of:

A. Endocytosis
B. The sodium and potassium pump
C. Channel-mediated transport
D. Carrier-mediated transport

Explanation

Carrier-mediated transport involves a specific protein carrier that binds a solute, undergoes a conformational change, and transports the substance across the membrane. It may be passive (facilitated diffusion) or active (requiring ATP). This transport mechanism ensures specificity and controlled movement of substances such as glucose and amino acids across the cell membrane.

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SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College

SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College

SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College practice questions with answers | nursingprepplug.com

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