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PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College

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PRN 1520 Pathophysiology  EXAM 3 at South College Nursing Exams
PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College
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About PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College

Get the EXACT PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 questions with verified answers. Stop guessing and start passing. Real questions from actual tests available now.

Free PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College Questions

1.

A nurse is providing care for a patient who is experiencing difficulty swallowing. The nurse would document this finding as:

  • A. Dysphagia
  • B. Angina
  • C. Aphasia
  • D. Dyspnea

Explanation

Explanation
Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. It can result from a variety of causes, including neurological disorders, esophageal problems, or structural obstructions. This condition can lead to discomfort, choking, or the sensation of food being stuck in the throat or chest. Dysphagia requires assessment to determine the underlying cause and appropriate interventions.
2.

A patient is admitted to the emergency department with a head injury after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following may indicate that the patient suffered injury to the frontal lobe of the brain?

  • A. Loss of vision
  • B. Personality changes
  • C. Hearing loss
  • D. Speech difficulty

Explanation

Explanation
The frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, judgment, behavior, and emotional regulation. Injury to the frontal lobe can lead to significant personality changes, such as impulsivity, emotional instability, or poor judgment. These changes occur due to the disruption of the brain's executive functions, which are controlled by the frontal lobe.
3.

A nurse is explaining differences between transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

  • A. "Stroke symptoms are usually temporary, lasting only a couple of minutes."
  • B. "Strokes do not cause lasting effects."
  • C. "TIAs occur as a result of permanent loss of oxygen and blood loss to the brain."
  • D. "Symptoms of a TIA last a few minutes to a couple of hours and resolve without lasting effects."

Explanation

Explanation
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief interruption in blood supply to part of the brain. The symptoms of a TIA, which can include weakness, numbness, vision changes, or difficulty speaking, typically last from a few minutes to a couple of hours and resolve completely without causing permanent brain damage. TIAs are considered a warning sign of a potential future stroke.
4.

Select the answer that correctly details blood flow through the heart.

  • A. Superior and inferior vena cavae - right atrium - bicuspid/mitral valve - right ventricle - pulmonic valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - tricuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta.
  • B. Superior and inferior vena cavae - left atrium - tricuspid valve - left ventricle - pulmonic valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - right atrium - bicuspid/mitral valve - right ventricle - aortic valve - aorta.
  • C. Superior and inferior vena cavae - left atrium - bicuspid/mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonic valve - aorta.
  • D. Superior and inferior vena cavae - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonic valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid/mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta.

Explanation

Explanation
This is the correct pathway of blood flow through the heart:

1. Blood from the body returns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cavae into the right atrium.

2. Blood moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

3. Blood is pumped through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs for oxygenation.

4. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.

5. Blood moves through the bicuspid/mitral valve into the left ventricle.

6. Blood is pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta for distribution to the body.

This sequence correctly represents the flow of blood through the heart.
5.

Which finding indicates the client may have Alzheimer's disease?

  • A. Visual hallucinations
  • B. Progressive memory loss and behavioral changes
  • C. Tremors and bradykinesia
  • D. Sudden onset of confusion

Explanation

Explanation
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, cognition, and behavior. The hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's include progressive memory loss (especially short-term memory) and behavioral changes, such as confusion, personality shifts, and difficulty with problem-solving or planning. These symptoms develop slowly and worsen over time. The gradual onset and progression of these cognitive and behavioral issues are indicative of Alzheimer's disease.
6.

A nurse working in a neurological unit of a hospital is providing care to a patient who had a seizure 1 hour ago. The patient has been sleeping and is difficult to arouse since having the tonic-clonic seizure. The nurse would document this behavior as:

  • A. The post-ictal phase
  • B. A behavioral disorder
  • C. An absence seizure
  • D. An aura

Explanation

Explanation
The post-ictal phase refers to the period of recovery following a seizure. During this phase, a patient may experience confusion, lethargy, difficulty arousing, headache, or sleepiness. This phase can last for minutes to hours, depending on the individual and the severity of the seizure. The patient's difficulty in being aroused and sleeping after the tonic-clonic seizure is characteristic of the post-ictal state.
7.

A patient is experiencing low blood pressure (hypotension). The nurse understands that factors that may contribute to hypotension include which of the following? (Select All That Apply)

  • A. Decreased cardiac output
  • B. High fiber diet
  • C. Dehydration
  • D. High sodium intake
  • E. Blood loss

Explanation

Explanation
A. Decreased cardiac output
A decreased cardiac output means the heart is not pumping enough blood to meet the body's demands, leading to low blood pressure (hypotension). Conditions such as heart failure or severe arrhythmias can reduce cardiac output and contribute to hypotension.

C. Dehydration
Dehydration can lead to a decrease in blood volume, which lowers blood pressure. When the body loses fluids (due to vomiting, diarrhea, or insufficient fluid intake), the heart has less fluid to pump, causing hypotension.

E. Blood loss
Significant blood loss (due to trauma, surgery, or internal bleeding) reduces the total blood volume, leading to hypovolemic shock and hypotension. With less blood circulating, the heart cannot maintain adequate blood pressure.
8.

A client with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reports worsening symptoms when lying down after meals. What physiological factor is most likely contributing to this exacerbation?

  • A. Hyposecretion of gastric acid
  • B. Increased intra-abdominal pressure
  • C. Weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter
  • D. Delayed gastric emptying

Explanation

Explanation
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a muscular ring that prevents stomach contents, including acid, from refluxing into the esophagus. In GERD, the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing gastric acid to flow back into the esophagus, particularly when lying down. This exacerbates symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation because gravity no longer helps keep the acid in the stomach.
9.

Which findings are consistent with right-sided heart failure? Select All That Apply.

  • A. Orthopnea
  • B. Ascites
  • C. Dependent edema
  • D. Pulmonary congestion
  • E. Hepatomegaly

Explanation

Explanation
B. Ascites
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and is a common finding in right-sided heart failure. When the right ventricle fails, blood backs up into the systemic circulation, leading to fluid buildup in the abdomen.

C. Dependent edema
Dependent edema refers to swelling in the lower extremities, such as the legs and feet. It is caused by the backup of blood into the veins, which occurs in right-sided heart failure, leading to fluid retention in the lower parts of the body.

E. Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver) is often seen in right-sided heart failure due to the backup of blood in the veins, including those that drain the liver. This causes congestion in the liver, leading to its enlargement.
10.

Functions of the liver include which of the following? (Select All That Apply)

  • A. Bile production
  • B. Production of cholesterol
  • C. Medication detoxification
  • D. Destruction of clotting factors
  • E. Glucose storage

Explanation

Explanation
A. Bile production
The liver produces bile, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion.

B. Production of cholesterol
The liver is responsible for producing cholesterol, which is essential for various functions in the body, including the formation of cell membranes and certain hormones.

C. Medication detoxification
The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying harmful substances, including drugs and alcohol. It breaks down medications and other toxins to make them easier for the body to eliminate.

E. Glucose storage
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen and releases it into the bloodstream when needed to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This process is important for energy regulation.

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