Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library practice questions with answers

Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library

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Free Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library Questions

1. 39. What is the "building up" process from simple substances to complex ones called? Select one:

a. Homeostasis
b. Catabolism
c. Anabolism
d. Decomposition

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Anabolism: Anabolism is the constructive phase of metabolism in which smaller, simpler molecules (such as amino acids and sugars) are combined to form larger, more complex compounds (like proteins and glycogen). This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, and is essential for cell growth, tissue repair, and the synthesis of enzymes and hormones.

2. 34. Cellular respiration is an intracellular, catabolic process taking place to produce energy. The LPN student has learned a simplified equation for this process. What are the components needed for ATP to be produced? Select one:

a. Glucose and carbon dioxide
b. Glucose and oxygen
c. H₂O and sugar
d. Water and carbon dioxide

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Glucose and oxygen: Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate ATP (energy) by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen. The simplified equation is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP. In this process, glucose provides the fuel, and oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent, allowing efficient energy release. This occurs primarily in the mitochondria, which are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell.

3. 14. What is the organelle that helps package lipid and protein molecules destined to be transported from the cell? Select one:

a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Lysosomes
c. Centrioles
d. Golgi apparatus

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum. Once processed, these molecules are enclosed in vesicles and transported either to other parts of the cell or out of the cell entirely through exocytosis. It acts as the cell’s “shipping and distribution center.”

4. 22. A nurse cleans a patient's skin with an alcohol wipe before administering an IM injection. What type of infection control method is this? Select one:

a. Sterilization
b. Using an antiseptic (antisepsis)
c. Disinfection
d. Surgical asepsis

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Using an antiseptic (antisepsis): Antisepsis is the process of using chemical agents, such as alcohol, on living tissue to reduce or eliminate microorganisms and prevent infection. When a nurse cleans the skin with an alcohol wipe before an intramuscular (IM) injection, the goal is to remove surface bacteria and lower infection risk at the injection site. Antiseptics are safe for skin use and are an essential part of standard nursing practice for injections and minor procedures.

5. 10. Which element carries oxygen in red blood cells? Select one:

a. Iodine
b. Carbon
c. Calcium
d. Iron

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Iron: Iron is the essential element in hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. Each hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms that form reversible bonds with oxygen molecules, allowing red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation. Without adequate iron, oxygen delivery in the body is impaired, leading to anemia and fatigue.

6. 48. Which of the following is most important in keeping the pH of a solution within a narrow range in the body? Select one:

a. Salt
b. Acid
c. Buffer
d. Base

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Buffer: A buffer is a chemical system that helps maintain the pH of body fluids within a narrow, stable range—typically between 7.35 and 7.45 in blood. Buffers work by neutralizing small amounts of added acid (H⁺ ions) or base (OH⁻ ions). The major buffer systems in the body include the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems, which prevent harmful pH fluctuations that could disrupt enzyme activity and cellular function.

7. 7. Diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules: Select one:

a. from an area of greater pressure to an area of lower pressure
b. from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
c. from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
d. from an area of lower energy to an area of higher energy

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or particles from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration, until equilibrium is reached. This process occurs without the use of cellular energy (ATP). It is essential for transporting gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide across cell membranes and for maintaining balance within cells and tissues.

8. 38. Which muscle separates the ventral cavity into two parts? Select one:

a. Latissimus dorsi
b. Pectoralis major
c. Diaphragm
d. Intercostals

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) from the abdominopelvic cavity (containing digestive and reproductive organs). It plays a vital role in respiration—when the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and increases the thoracic cavity’s volume, allowing air to flow into the lungs. It is the key muscle dividing the ventral cavity into its upper and lower sections.

9. 43. What is the function of the nucleolus? Select one:

a. Releases enzymes
b. Contains chromosomes
c. Makes ribosomes
d. Aids in cell respiration

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Makes ribosomes: The nucleolus is a dense, spherical structure located inside the nucleus of a cell. Its primary function is to produce and assemble ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes. These subunits then leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm, where they play a crucial role in protein synthesis. The nucleolus is essential for the cell’s ability to produce proteins, which are vital for growth and repair.

10. 32. Which branch of science studies microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses? Select one:

a. Pathophysiology
b. Anatomy
c. Microbiology
d. Physiology

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Microbiology: Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms—tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Microbiology explores how these organisms live, grow, and interact with humans, animals, and the environment. It plays a vital role in understanding infectious diseases, developing vaccines, and creating antibiotics that control or prevent infections.

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Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library

Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library

Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library practice questions with answers | nursingprepplug.com

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